Realism and the Humanities - 1718 Words

Realism in and of itself is a broad subject, and has many different areas that can be discussed. The Realism Movement directly challenged Romanticism and the romanticists, because it was more interested in showing how things were, rather than feelings, beauty, and subjectivity that the romantics favored. Many things were gained from the movement, and its effects still stay around today. This is obvious in various works, like Chekhov and Ibsen, and in artwork that is still revered today. The Realism Movement impacted many different areas in literature and the arts, and spanned many countries and centuries, affecting and changing how these things were, and are still, viewed by the people. Realism was first established in France during the late eighteenth/ early nineteenth century to describe literary and visual works where the aim was to create something that accurately showed the world as it was. Nineteenth century Realism was a response to nineteenth century Romanticism, which caused many novelists to focus on the lives and suffering of middle class citizens (â€Å"Realism.† The Bloomsbury Dictionary of English Literature). Realism, though, is not just that simple, because there are different types. For example, the realism that existed in America was different from realism in Europe, but also literature in general. American Realism focused on the rough parts of life, rather than showing life exactly as it was, because during the Civil War writers were unable to see anythingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Effects of the Civil War on the United States574 Words   |  3 Pagesfamilies, or even to humanity as a whole. They had to decide if it was right to own another person, or if the slavery system was justified as a way to keep the Southern economy going. Through all this contemplation, people wrote about their thoughts and fears, and as a result, people abandoned romanticism and became realists. Many writings of the Civil War, whether informational or literary, reflect realism and the effects of war on the individual, communities, and humanity as a whole. ​The CivilRead MoreRealism : A World Of Love And Peace1218 Words   |  5 Pages In a world of love and peace, there is also war; to be specific, there are three types of wars, and I identify with realism. Realism is shown to be the view that suggests that war happens, and perhaps it needs no reason to be justified and violence will occur. Mentioning that, just war, another theory, is a three-part view that shows the reasoning prior to a war, the concerns during and after war, and essentially requires the person to see what difference the war could make. While, pacifism, anotherRead MoreMetamorphosis Analysis1142 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience of meaninglessness. Furthermore, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† uses aspects of magical realism, such as transformation of common, distortion of time and loss of identity, featured in other magical realism works such as â€Å"Axolotl† and â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World†. Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorp hosis† has both absurdist fiction and magical realism traits, therefore, should not only be classified as magical realism but as a combination of both. â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is a prime example of absurdist fictionRead MoreThe Elephant Vanishes by Murakami752 Words   |  3 Pagesto new ideas, thoughts, and opinions. Keeping in mind that The Elephant Vanishes has been translated from the originally stocked Japanese, instead of addressing language, it would be more interesting to review characters, themes/motifs/plots, and realism. Many would argue that a story cannot exist while not made with human characters. The characters Murakami selects reveal his interest in humanity’s deepest secrets.. Most of his stories are told with a robust interior driven person teller, howeverRead MoreThree Ideologies of Political Economy Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesrobust debate. At the core of the debate are the three main philosophical ideologies (Realism, Liberalism and Marxism) which create conflicts revolving around the role and significance of the market in the organization of society and economic affairs. This paper will analyze these three philosophical ideologies and explain how the advocates of these ideologies would assess the phenomenon of global integration. Realism, Liberalism and Marxism differ significantly in relation to the IPE. The realist viewRead MoreMise-en-Scene in Edward Scissorhands Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagessensitive, bewildered by the humanity around him, yet is terrifying- someone who has scissors, the deadly weaponry, for hands. Many viewers may read this film as a â€Å"Tim Burton† type of fairytale which includes both an alternative aspect and romance. However, through the presentation of mise-en-scene in this film, Burton drives in a much more serious subject of social criticism by establishing two different understandings of life in the movie. To begin, the idea of two realisms is first illustrated inRead MoreCallicles on Moral Realism1391 Words   |  6 PagesFall 2012 In Callicles argument on the Superior Individual, Callicles reasoned that in nature as well as humanity the strong dominates the weak. Also known as Moral Realism, Callicles argument on the Superior Individual is in fact one of interest because it is often deemed true, regardless of the false fallacies that exist. It is often believed that in nature as well as in humanity, strength and weakness are viable factors in determining levels of success, social roles and survival etc. AlthoughRead MoreThe Artistic And Technical Aspects Of The s La Grande Illusion1404 Words   |  6 PagesThe journey and the development of the cinematic genre now called the ‘French Poetic Realism’, unraveled in a French film sector battling for its place in a post-war world, in competition with the American and German industries. While the sector tried to recuperate from the strike of a chaotic political and social environment, the increasing prevalence of smaller companies provided filmmakers s uch as Chenal, Vigo, Duvivier and Renoir with the necessary environment to experiment and produce creativeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Idiot And The Idiot By Ernest Hemingway958 Words   |  4 PagesDostoevsky’s The Idiot and Ernest Hemingway s A Farewell To Arms feature differing schools of thought in the ever-evolving world of literature; A Farewell To Arms depicting impressionistic realism through Hemingway s objective retelling of events in the First World War, and The Idiot conveying psychological realism In Dostoevsky’s projection of not only his epileptic behavior, but his idyllic sense of man (Neilson Kashdan). Despite these differences in writing styles, each author features the inclusionRead MoreEssay on Naturalism and Realism1298 Words   |  6 Pages Beginning in the late 19th century, two separate movements spread across America know as realism and naturalism. While the two were very similar in their beliefs and ideals there were still many apparent distin ctions to differentiate the two. Realism and naturalism showed themselves in many aspects of life, from art and sciences to new math techniques and even religion. However, above all else these movements may have been most evident in the literature of this time. Reading through American literature

The National Collegiate Athletic Association - 1640 Words

The National Collegiate Athletic Association, which is better known as the the NCAA, is an organization that regulates intercollegiate athletics. The NCAA not only is the administrator for all intercollegiate athletics, but also â€Å"formulates and enforces the rules of play and the eligibility criteria for athletes.† Being a student-athlete, I know the responsibility that one has not only in the classroom but also on the athletic field. There is a big standing problem in front of the NCAA and is a serious issue and that is the paying of student-athletes. According to an article written the the U.S. News. â€Å"the college sports industry generates over $11 billion in annual revenues† (Edelman). The problem is that the student-athlete who goes to†¦show more content†¦If the issue of student athletes being paid was dropped from the world what would be the outcome? Since the Supreme Court nor a lower jurisdiction has passed a law about this issue then the result s are the same as in today’s society. The NCAA will be getting all of the profit while only paying coaches and others. Now the question is how will student-athletes be paid? Joe Nocera, who is a writer for the New York Times, posted an article on his solution to paying student-athletes. Mr. Nocera argues that there would be a salary cap placed on every Division I football and basketball team. He stats that â€Å"for basketball, the cap would be $650,000. In football, it would be $3 million† (Nocera). While having the salary cap for those two sports Mr. Nocera also adds that there would be a minimum of a $25,000 salary for players in those respective sports. Now instead of recruiter’s getting recruits to come to school for the weight room or the academics, the athlete would now choose the school who essentially offers the most money. Mr. Nocera notes that the contracts that there would have to be contracts negotiated between the player and university. Another imp ortant aspect to the solution is the creation of unions to represent the athletes themselves. This is because, â€Å"salary caps, of course, violate antitrust laws-unless they are negotiated† (Nocera). To end his solution, he also notes that he would make the scholarships the players received

Electronic Measurement and Instrument †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Electronic Measurement and Instrument Management. Answer: Introduction: Kerberos is a protocol that is used for sharing the secret information and it makes use of the trusted third party to evaluate the identity like usernamne and password of the client. The clients may be either users, servers or may be a software. The trusted third party is known as the Key Distribution Center called KDC which is used to run the Daemons of the Kerberos [1] . Kereberos has the ability to make the enterprise in a secured manner. The Kerberos are used to send the passwords of the plaintext in a secured way which is transmitted in a network. This system is used for centralizing the information of the user like username and password which is used for data manipulation. Ultimately it is used in the prevention of storing password information by reducing the chance in which a single machine's compromise will make results in other compromises [2]. Use of kerberos in User Authentication Kerberos varies from the authentication method which includes username and password. Inspite of authenticating one user to one network service, Kerberos makes use of the encryption method and also a trusted third party for user authentication. The trusted third party is called as KDC and while the user authenticate the KDC, this party sends a ticket of the session to the machine of the user. Kerberos aware services searches for the tickets on the machine of the user. The kerberos aware network keeps the logs and send their principal to the trusted third party which is KDC. The KDC verifies the principal in its database and it creates a TGT in an encrypted form, the TGT is being sent to that user. The user can make use of the TGT whenever he wants to access the network [5]. The Kerberos is designed to identify the authentication problem in network by using the trusted client systems. The Kerberos network environment is shown above. It contains the Router, switch, application server, Main server, client, web service client and Administrative client. When the application server receive the Kerberos token for authentication, it use the Web service client to establish the security [1]. Once the security is established. The application server login management the module by using the client permissions. The application server and main server does not use the same user registry and it requires the custom login module to map the Kerberos principal name and application server user name. The application server provides the new security and it contains he various domains. The domains are only support the Kerberos at the cell level. The application server must be using the same Kerberos realm. The Kerberos authentication having the own Kerberos realm by using the b ackend and client resources. The Kerberos using the application library to provides the interface for application server and application clients. The Kerberos encrypting the data. It provides the network security by using the various methods. The administrative server is used to provide the network interface to the database. Security Objectives Confidentiality is similar to privacy which includes the access of the information only by the authorized users. So in the above network diagram we had used separate switches for client and web service client. As the switches are separate there is less chance for affecting the confidentiality of the information that is being transmitted. Integrity is nothing but the accuracy of the information in which the data should not be changed and it should have the assurance that it cannot be modified by any unauthorized access. Router passes the information to 3 different switches that can send the information to the Application server. The server is used as a mediator between the client and the switch, so there is no possibility of modifying the information by the unauthorised access. Availability is associated with the hardware. The system should be ready to perform when there is any hardware failure. The information should be available even after the failure. Here as there is a server in the above network diagram in case of hardware repair in the client systems, the information can be backed up from the application server. Difference between Version 4 and Version 5 Version 4 and Version 5 of kerberos are the updations of the Kerberos software. Kerberos v5 is the successor of v4. Kerberos v4 was released at the end of 1980 and v5 was published in 1993. Kerberos Version 4 utilizes the reciever makes right system for encoding purpose whereas Version 5 uses the ASN.1 system for encoding. Kerberos v4 provides the satisfactory support for ticket whereas v5 facilitates forward and renewal of packets during transmission. V4 contains ony few IP address but V5 contains multiple IP addresses. Version 4 has no present support for authentication but v5 provides the reasonable support for authentication [6]. version 4 of kerberos uses Data Encryption Standard to offer the service of authentication. To improve the security in the network, kerberos 5 has been added with few enhanced features. Kerberos version 5 has limitations in addresses. In kerberos version 4 kerberos to kerberos relationship is required whereas Version 5 can support only fewer relationship s [7]. Kerberos are used in the Network based organizations. For example it can be used in cyber security systems and the organizations which makes use of the cyber crime and security. It is quiet difficult to list the companies which and all uses the kerberos. So some few companies which are familiar are listed below and those are the companies which is related to the products based on Cyber Security management. It is used approximately by 100 million people around the world for the security purpose. The organizations that make use of the kerberos for some of their products is listed as follows Few software that needs license from SAP involves Kerberos implementation. When it is being used, there will not be interoperability issues or copy right changes. The Microsoft is one of the leading companies which uses the kerberos protocol in some of their products. Microsoft windows and Microsoft active directory uses the kerberos. In this microsoft network users perform authentication process using the kerberos protocol. The credentials provided can be used later by the user to various other applications which are enabled by kerberos [9]. References D. Kapse and V. Bagdi, "Efficient Security Services of Honeypot using Kerberos for Detecting Intruders",International Journal of System and Software Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, 2015. "An Overview of a Kerberos Infrastructure",Tldp.org, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Kerberos-Infrastructure-HOWTO/overview.html. [Accessed: 30- Aug- 2017]. "threats and attacks on user authentication in a cloud environment", 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-of-the-threats-and-attacks-on-user-authentication-in-a-cloud-environment. [Accessed: 30- Aug- 2017]. E. EMANDII, "AUTHENTICATION - THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES",Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 378-381, 2016. X. Ma, J. Han, Z. Wei and H. Liu, "Hierarchical proxy authentication model in Kerberos inter-realm based on RSA",JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 105-109, 2013. "Difference between Kerberos v4 and Kerberos v5 | Kerberos v4 vs Kerberos v5",Differencebetween.info, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-kerberos-v4-and-kerberos-v5. [Accessed: 30- Aug- 2017]. A. B.A., "Kerberos: A Review of the Modification in Versions 4-To-5 Transition",African journal of computing ICT reference format, vol. 6, no. 3, 2013. "Kerberos, Pluto's oddball moon",New Scientist, vol. 226, no. 3024, p. 16, 2015. "Organizations that use kerberos",cybersafe, 2017. . "Commercial Kerberos vendors",Web.ornl.gov, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://web.ornl.gov/~romeja/commerce.htm. [Accessed: 30- Aug- 2017].

The Simple Gift Essay Example For Students

The Simple Gift Essay The Simple Gift ‘Discuss the ways in Herrick’s â€Å"The Simple Gift† explores the concepts of belonging’ Steven Herrick’s novel the ‘The Simple Gift’, written verse the novel makes up many short poems, which evidently combined the creation of Herrick’s novel. The novel is presented episodically and told from 3 different perspectives (Billy, Old Bill and Caitlin). It explores the issues of independence, growth and relationships. Throughout the novel sensory images, create realistic settings. Gifts are freely exchanged in true spirit of generosity, this relates to the title ‘The Simple Gift’. The novel explores questions of the world’s excessive materialism. Billy’s quest for independence starts at the beginning of the novel ‘I’m not proud I’m sixteen, and soon To be homeless I sit on the veranda And watch the cold rain fall’ Billy is lonely in his hometown, although he has grown up there you would expect to belong. Instead, he finds happiness in the books that he reads of people much happier than he is. He manages to find happiness in others but still maintains his independence. Billy takes control of his life and is faced with life changing and moral choices. We will write a custom essay on The Simple Gift specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Part of Billy wants to live a life of being financially secure and another part of him wants to have a carefree way of life. He often finds his self-comparing himself to Old Bill, evaluating the highs and lows of living the ‘hobo’ life. Billy knows that Old Bill thinks of him as ‘A kid who can’t live well enough Alone’ but whilst Billy is trying to find his own independence he is helping Old Bill do the same. Old Bill’s healing process finally has begun, Becoming sober and the simple gift of friendship that Billy has provided him with. This gives Old Bill back his place in the world not just being cliched as ‘an old drunk’ As time goes Billy’s transition into adulthood is evident as he acts on pure kindness. Independence is what is what everyone is striving for, as the redemption of qualities that they have had, lost or lacked. Billy is the main character; he experiences the most amount of personal growth. Billy’s world was surrounded by domestic violence, alcoholism and a sense of homelessness, this assists Billy is making the decision to leave. Old Bill shares such experiences that Billy. They both sought to escape similar worlds. Old Bill sees himself in Billy as Billy also sees much of himself in Old Bill. For both personal growths comes with changing and understanding. The company of Billy to Old Bill has made him open his eyes to the world around him as he had closed them after he lost his wife and daughter. ‘Kids fall out of trees all the time my sweet lovely Jessi fell and I fell with her and I’ve been falling ever since. ’ ‘I’d go off alone Because you can’t trust Those who break the rules And you certainly cannot trust Those who make the rules So you do the only thing possible You avoid the rules’ This side of Billy has not seen before. He is not the stereotypical delinquent runaway as we first thought. This is an allusion to ‘Lord of the Flies’, reflecting Billy’s rejection in society and his status as an outcast as it is. This quote is Billy’s eventual decision to leave home, discover the world for himself and purse the need to be accepted. Billy makes his biggest move in personal growth as he overcomes his fear of alienation when he finally leaves the ‘house’ he resides in and finds ‘home’ the in Bendarat Hilton (railway carriage). .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 , .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .postImageUrl , .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 , .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7:hover , .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7:visited , .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7:active { border:0!important; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7:active , .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7 .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc86e802227f74daedf7920ba57d03fb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Observation of the Aeneid EssayThe growth of the two characters Old Bill and Billy demonstrate highs and lows that they have been through are continuing through for a better existence. Billy has never felt like he belonged. In the town ‘nowheresville’ is a good indication of his negative thoughts and attitudes towards the town. This gave him is the impetus to leave; ‘See ya dad I’ve taken the alcohol. Drink this instead, To celebrate your son, Leaving home’ The taking the alcohol gives the reader an insight of alcoholism of Billy’s father. The quote also has a sense of irony as the sarcasm implies that his father will not miss Billy but miss the alcohol he has taken. As Billy ventures on his journey, he comes across a train driver (Ernie) who gives him an unexpected random act of kindness. This shows Billy that not everyone is like his father. Ernie gives Billy the simple gift of compassion. Along Billy’s journey, he finds that random acts of kindness are the biggest gifts that anyone can give. He makes great contrast between his father and other men he meets. As Billy arrives into this new town, the sun comes out; this is an implication of a new beginning. Weather is used as a great symbol throughout the novel, showing the contrast from where he is coming from to where he is now. When arriving into his new hometown slight fog as first metaphorically indicating a confusion or inability to see what lies ahead. As Billy finds ‘home’ in the Bendarat Hilton, it becomes a regular occurrence for dinner is to dine at the local McDonalds. Whilst scavenging off other people food he finds a connection with a worker called Caitlin. As we venture through the novel, we find that Billy and Caitlin have much in common. Caitlin reveals to us that although she wears her Bendarat Grammar School uniform she does not feel like she belongs to it. Billy and Caitlin both resent there families this creates an immense relationship that is formed between the two. As they, both share the similarity for a lack of materialism and values. As Billy makes a new start in the town, he comes across his next-door neighbour. ‘The Hobo Hour’ gives Billy a new connection with the Hobo living in the railway carriage next to him. It shows his that he has misjudged the man next door although they are in a similar situation. Billy realizes that his town has given him a new chance so why wouldn’t he give something back with kindness and compassion that has shown. It shows the compassion, kindness, and relationship ties that Billy has now formed. ‘We both sit Staring at the beer And the sunrise Sharing the hobo hour’ This quote from the â€Å"The Hobo hour’ gives a great indication that are not so different than first thought. The relationships formed by the main characters of the novel are the sort of relationships that Billy had never experienced before. This gives Billy the sense of acceptance and belonging to something greater than he had ever imagined When Billy hugs Old Bill in pure happiness and gratitude for giving him the house. Old Bill is given a new start so has Billy and Caitlin together they make an inseparable bond, this bond being friendship. The simple gift conveys the idea that reality is something from which to escape. The novel is drawn together in many ways of the multiple points of view in doing so you able to engage with the inner character. The ‘simple gift’ signifies both giving and receiving of not something that is tangible but something that every character strives for Belonging.

Washington essays

Washington essays George Washington is best known as the first president of the United States, and a man of moral fortitude with his famous cherry tree legend. However, there is much more to Washingtons extensive character and contribution that give him the legacy of being, perhaps the most influential leader in the creation of the American nation. Through his achievements as commander-in-chief during the Revolution, in support of the drafting and ratification of the Constitution, and as first president, Washington was instrumental in transforming the ideals of the Revolution into reality. His career as soldier, revolutionary, constitution-maker, and chief executive of a new nation demanded a range of skills and talents with few precedents in history. Washington proved himself to be a firm, dignified, conscientious, yet cautious president. He did not want the central government to become too strong and meticulously avoided getting too involved with Congress, since he was a firm believer of separation of powers. In addition he was not biased or prejudice against any faction of the parties. He also always tried to commit every action with proper reason, and to set a precedent with each action for the presidents that would hold office after him. He did not believe in pushing or proposing any legislation or anything that undemocratic, or unconstitutional. Washington, along with others help then was able to stabilize the government after the adoption of the Constitution. One of the precedents that Washington established was The Presidential Cabinet, which was later used by future presidents as well. Whenever, he had any doubts about a decision he would consult his cabinet, an assembly that he himself chose. While appointing the members of the Cabinet, Washington did not favor any faction of a party, and assigned several positions to different political people. He gave Alexander Hamilton the position of Secretary of Treasury, who was confer...

How to Dress Professionally When Its Blazing Hot Out

How to Dress Professionally When Its Blazing Hot Out It’s summer! It took a while for those of us in colder climates to get to this point, but it’s finally  time to store the sweaters and place your cute warm weather gear at the front of your closet. So it’s 90 degrees out and you need to figure out a way to stay cool, look cute, and somehow also dress professionally- not the easiest combo to master. It is important to keep in mind that, even in this day of casual work cultures, there are still rules and norms that govern what we should and should not wear to the office. And to make matters even more confusing, on top of that, there is always a unique, often unspoken, code in every workplace. Try to figure out what yours is, but also follow these fairly safe rules of thumb to make sure your summer wardrobe doesn’t keep you from fall employment or the respect you deserve.1. Check the rule book, if there is one.Some companies actually have a rule book or employee manual- if you weren’t given one when you started, HR can give you a copy. Check this first to see whether there are any dress policies or bits of intel you can pick up about your summer outfit planning. Err on the side of caution when it comes to baring flesh.2. Follow the grandma rule.When in doubt, look at your outfit. If you would be embarrassed wearing it to meet your grandmother for lunch, then it’s probably not right for the office. This is particularly true for women, who will be judged more often when they bare any skin at all. Dress for your own version of success, not others, but do keep in mind the double standards and injustices of perception out there and make sure to keep yourself†¦ covered, metaphorically speaking (and sometimes actually).3. Err on the side of â€Å"not short.†If there’s a question in your mind as to whether shorts (or short skirts) are appropriate for your workplace, that probably means you haven’t seen anyone in such attire at the office. Take that as a sign and leave your barest-leg ensembles for the weekends. Instead, to stay cool, aim for a skirt that at least hits the knee: summery and smart! (The same rules apply to crop tops: save them for the weekend.)4. Keep the shoes classy.No, you can’t wear flip flops to the office. Yes, you can wear sandals, just try to minimize the amount of bare foot you show on any given day. It’s probably best to avoid shoes with open backs, though if you must, choose slides instead of flops.5. Summer denim is probably too casual.Jeans are one thing, especially if your office tends casual. Times have changed, and a nice dark jean is usually fine. But summer denim is another story: if you give way to the jean section of your closet, you’ll be tempted to wear jorts and jumpers and shorts. Don’t. You can probably get away with a denim shift dress, but any other short denim should stay at home.If you overheat, try lots of lighter fabrics and brighter, breezier colors. If you then get too cold because of overzealous air conditioning, make sure to bring a light sweater to keep yourself warm. And the upside of not baring too much skin, particularly on your legs, is that you won’t need to worry about working through the inevitable goosebumps.Dress smart, and have a great working summer!

Clean Water in the Environmental Policy Context Essay

Clean Water in the Environmental Policy Context - Essay Example Secondly, the maintenance of a pollution-free waterbody requires several technological and monitoring arrangements which can come at a high cost. Thirdly, water is an essential and abundant resource. People believe that they have the right to clean water. This therefore means that authorities need to ensure that waterbodies are clean and free of pollution. Additionally, the flora and fauna related to the ecosystems of rivers and other waterbodies have the right to be preserved. These three factors imply that federal and state governments have a primary obligation to ensure that water is free from pollution. The inherent nature of clean water issues means that government can only handle the issue of providing safe water through policy. This paper examines the challenges facing policymakers in providing clean water to the public. To this end, the focus will be on the Clean Water Act, 1977 which provides the basic policy framework to tackle this issue through pollution control programs and limitation of discharge into waterbodies (Summary of Clean Water Act, 2011). The research examines perspectives into the challenges facing this Act and comes up with recommendations on how to deal with these challenges. The paper undertakes a critical view of the recommendations and examines how it can be applied in reality. Clean Water Act 1977 The Clean Water Act was enacted â€Å"... to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters† (Section 101 a). This means that it provides a framework to ensure that practical steps are taken to prevent the pollution of our waterbodies. The Act empowers the US Environmental Protection Agency, US Army Corps of Engineers and the States to take reasonable steps to prevent the pollution of surface water in the country (National Research Council, 2008 p65). These parties work together with the other law enforcement agencies to ensure that all limits the law is followed appropriately in local jurisdictions. The Act was ammended in 1981, 1987 and 1990 (National Research Council, 2008 p265). The Act has six different Titles. Title I is about research and related programs. It sets out the goals of the act and the preamble it follows. Title II is about Grants for the Construction of Treatment Works. It shows how the various municipalities will be assisted to expand sewerage treatment plants. Title III is about Standards & Enforcement. It borders on discharge points, technology quality standards, water quality programs as well as criminal and civil provision for the enforcement of the law. Title IV outlines the federal and state certification and the issuance of permits and licenses needed for various potential polluters. Title V is about the facts that citizens can sue polluters and the procedures they can follow for that. It also describes the protections offered to whistleblowers. Title VI is about funding for State and local water pollution control systems. Policy Challen ges of the Clean Water Act There are three main significant challenges that can be identified in relation to the Clean Water Act. First of all, there is a major problem in relation to the uniformity of the application of the Act. Secondly, there is limited funding for treatment services as well as monitoring services to ensure that the Act is fully controlled and kept in motion. Thirdly, due to the apathy in the society and the existence of

Financial Markets and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Financial Markets and Institutions - Essay Example Another option available to an investor is the financial markets that help to channel money from an individual having surplus funds to an individual who requires the money. By participating in financial markets the investor will get the opportunity to invest in a broad range of securities ranging from stocks, bonds, and Treasury bills to modern financial instruments such as derivatives. Financial markets helps to create wealth by mobilizing personal savings of investors and arranging suitable invest opportunity. The process in turn contributes in creation of national wealth by encouraging investments and savings (Madura, 2012, pp.4-7). Overview of Securities Treasury Bills The maturity of T-bills is less than a year and is hence instrument of money market and not capital market. These instruments are very similar to zero-coupon bonds and hence do not pay interest prior to maturity. The process of issuing T-bills is through competitive bidding where they are sold to investors at disco unt and at maturity they are redeemed at the face value of the bond. The appreciation of bond prices in near future provides returns for investment. The maturity of treasury bills varies from 28 days to 364 days and they are sold weekly through single-price auctions. The minimum amount of investment in T-bills has been reduced from $1000 to $100 and the maximum purchase amount is $5 million. Bonds Bond can be defined as the financial instrument through an institution borrows money from different investor for definite period of time with a fixed interest rate. It can be used by corporate, municipalities and government organisations to fund new projects and for further expansion. Interest rate is also known as coupon rate and interest on bonds can be paid semi annually (every six months) and on the date of maturity principal amount of the bond will be paid to the investor with coupon rate. Bond market is also called as a debt market or credit market which is a financial market where n ew bonds can be issued and trading on existing bonds can be done. It is a long term financial market which includes corporate bonds, notes, bills; US treasury bonds.US bond market is about 44% of global bond market. According to SIFMA (Securities Industry and Financial Market Association) current US bonds market increased from March 2012 to 2013 by 2% to nearly $100 trillion. Currently the yields of US treasuries are varying from 0.05% to 3.89% for 3 months treasuries to 30 year treasuries (Fabozzi, 2007, p.261). Stocks The stock or capital stock of an incorporated business constitutes the equity stake of its owners. It represents the residual assets of company which is due to stockholders after discharging secured and unsecured debt. The stockholder’s equity cannot be withdrawn from company as it is detrimental to creditors of company. The stock of a corporation is partitioned into shares. Additional shares can be authorized by existing shareholders and issued by company. Sh ares represent a fraction of ownership in business. This ownership of share is documented by issue of stock certificate which a legal document is specifying the amount of share owned by shareholder. Stock in the form of shares can be preferred stock or common stock. Preferred stock differs from common stock in the way that it does not carry voting rights. It is entitled to a certain level of dividend payment

Religion, Wealth and Poverty Essay Example for Free

Religion, Wealth and Poverty Essay Outline the work of one religious agency working for world development and explain why it does this work. The religious agency, Christian Aid was set up in 1944, originally known as the British Churches Ecumenical Refugee Council. It was primarily created to help the thousands of homeless Europeans as a result of the Second World War. It became known as Christian Aid in 1945 and was filed as only a segregated department of all of the non-Roman Catholic churches the British Council of Churches and provided great help to the poorer people surviving in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid is now a worldwide organisation and has become an agency for the churches of the United Kingdom and in Ireland, working wherever their need is superlative, irrespective of the religion of this area. As well as doing this work, Christian Aid supports local organisations who are better at understanding the needs in their specified areas, whilst continually helping those in need with the sixteen offices they retain overseas. Christian Aid believes in helping people gain strength in finding their own solution to a particular problem rather than simply helping and leaving, Christian Aid provides withstanding support. In addition to this work, Christian Aid strives to transform a New World by ending poverty and continuously campaigns for the change of the morals and rules that allow the poor to get poorer. Christian Aid works and provides help in over sixty countries in the world today, supplying emergency aid and long term aid to organisations, which are working to create the end of poverty. Christian Aid prefers to work through local organisations in areas of lesser-developed economies, as they believe that these organisations understand the needs of their people best. A great plus of the agency of Christian Aid is that it works in all areas despite the religion or race of the place they are working in. In order to achieve the high aims set by Christian Aid, their work can be divided into four sections and they are as follows. Fund raising is a major issue and to be able to start any work in relieving the issue of poverty, Christian Aid has to tackle the problem of funds, which can be raised in several ways. In 1975, it was organised so that every year in May, Christian Aid week could be held as a nationwide even. This is where churches provide information about Christian Aid to almost every home in certain areas by posting letters through their letterboxes and asking for donations. In 1995, a record à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.6 million was raised for Christian Aid via this process. In addition to this, certain parishes and individuals organise events to raise money for the agency and in the past have contributed more by this process than in Christian Aid week. Emergency aid is also taken into consideration as Christian Aid set up a fund known as the disaster fund so it could be immediately used if a natural disaster were to occur and has often overtaken long term aid due to its efficiency in helping people survive the effects of a natural disaster. The work done by Christian Aid involves providing and sending food, medicine and materials to build shelters for the victims of such natural disasters as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. An example of this aid was when blankets, tents and food were sent to refugees in Bosnia and Rwanda and when food was provided for drought-stricken Zimbabwe. This specified version of aid is so important that nearly 15% of Christian Aids funds are spent on it per annum. Long term aid is equally important and fortunately, Christian Aid is greatly advantaged in this area as it has contact with the organisations who receive the aid and the majority of Christian Aids emergency and long-term aid is diverted through Christian associations within the country concerned. If is often for these establishments to come up with fund-raising ideas to help relieve certain aspects of poverty in their area and then ask Christian Aid to finance these propositions. An example of this is when in Columbia, poor farmers were being threatened to be evicted from their homes. Fortunately, the farmers were able to establish an alternative environmentally friendly method which allowed them to develop their area that would provide an income for these farmers and their families. Christian Aid and the European Union are negotiating the finance of this scheme. Another example of Christian Aid helping lesser developed countries is in Bangladesh, where Christian Aid are funding a group of Christian workers to make basic drugs for medicine which are unavailable in Bangladesh. Consequently, as Christian Aid helps in all of these diverse and different areas, their main aim is to help people to help themselves. Education is a key factor to the success of Christian Aid. Nearly 5% of Christian Aids funds is consumed on education about the greater need of development and the way in which Christians are enabled to provide this help to those in need. The association of Christian Aid produces a newspaper, Christian Aid News, along with many other educational articles which not only provide information on the projects that Christian Aid is working on but how they are improving the rate of development in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid advocates campaigns for the improvement of living and health conditions in lesser-developed areas. Christian Aids motivation is built upon the Christian belief that all people are equal in the eyes of God and so therefore all deserve the same things. This organisation is driven by the beliefs that God cares about the poor and their lifestyle, wanting them to be treated accordingly. It is also believed that the worth and importance of a person is not measured on how much money they have or the material belongings that they may possess. It is written in the Bible that what counts is a persons desire to do good, their faith in God and actions towards other people. Due to these Christian beliefs, Christian Aid does everything within its power to help those who are less fortunate in both this country and abroad. The quotation, There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all once in Christ taken from Galatians 3:25 is the basis of the Christian Aids work. It is believed that everyone has rights and so deserves to be treated the same, despite their circumstances, creed, nationality, religion or colour. In conclusion to the work of Christian Aid and its motivation, it is clear that their main aim is not only to assist the poor, but help them learn to help themselves and by doing this, Christian Aid are increasing the development of the developing world. The motivation of this agency is obvious due to the fact that they are Christian and it is Gods belief that you should use everything within your power to help those in need of your help. Christian Aid believes that From one man he made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole Earth, Acts 17: 26, so that everyone is equal in the eyes of God as they were all created from the same mould, therefore everyone should be treated respectfully. Thanks to these beliefs, Christian Aids work is helping to eradicate the growth of poverty and sustain a development in the lesser-developed areas.

NO Spiritual Reward for Depriving the Physical Body Essay -- Theology

There is NO Spiritual Reward for Depriving the Physical Body of Comfort or Pleasure I. Doctrine There is a great falsehood that is perpetuated by the modern church, and it is one that threatens the very mission assigned to every believer in Matthew 28:18-20. Before one can address this falsehood, one must understand the duty of God's people in this life. It is the believer's task to go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them as God ordained, and teaching them how to obey the teachings of Jesus. What then are the teachings of Jesus? As believers, we hold as doctrine that God the Father, along with the Holy Spirit and the Son created all that is. He gave Man, God's special creation made in His own image, dominion over the physical creation, directing Man to "fill the earth and subdue it". Scriptures outline in Genesis 1:28-30 this natural stewardship of Man over the fish of the sea, all living creatures on the ground, and the birds of the air. In addition, God gave to Man the use of "every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit w ith seed in it" (Genesis 1:29b). God, after reviewing all that He had created noted in Genesis 1:31 that it was "very good". Man's charmed life lasted until the Fall, by which sin and sin nature entered the world. Pain in childbirth, difficulty in agriculture, and, most importantly, death are all results of Man's disobedience (Genesis 3:16-19). Death, despite its negative connotations was given to Man as a gift, for only in death could the separation between God and Man be bridged. The practice of offering firstborn livestock to God began with Abel's first sacrifice. This offering pointed to God's ultimate resolution for sin's breach, first promis... ...s idolatry is the fundamental problem of this world, and drug-related idolatry is no different than any other flavor in God's eyes. Rejecting Christ is this world's flaw, and is the sin against which believers wage war. Teaching a drug idolater that the drugs are evil in and of themselves denies the basic truth that placing anything higher than God is sinful (Exodus 20:3-6). Programs like the 'Twelve Steps' teach blasphemy. They teach drug and alcohol idolaters to remain just that, although the idolaters no longer permit themselves to indulge in that which they worship. It is only through recognizing that God's creation is good and that Man commits evil that one can come to true freedom in Christ. It is with respect that this author pleads for such a tactic for those who seek healing in areas of addiction. After all, His grace and only His grace are sufficient.

Cooper Industries’ Corporate Strategy Essay

1. What is Cooper’s corporate strategy? How is Cooper Industries adding corporate value to its portfolio of businesses? Would you recommend any changes in corporate strategy? Cooper’s corporate strategy is diversification through acquisitions and mergers. This diversification is in both related and non-related businesses to lessen its dependence on the capital expenditures of the natural gas industry. Cooper’s started acquiring low-technology manufacturing companies. The companies were premium-quality products with strong brands names mainly still own by the original family owners that have seen better days. Once Cooper’s acquired the companies they would update the processes and equipment and consolidate the plants. In a few cases, moved entire manufacturing plants to new plants in the southern part of the country to break away from practices of 20 years ago. They called this the â€Å"Cooperization† process which is one where they create lean independent business. The â€Å"Cooperization,† process included plans for divisional managers to seek out complementary acquisitions for further expansion of the Cooper Empire. Let’s now look at ways they add this value to the Cooper Portfolio. Cooper empire added value to the corporation in a variety of ways: Manage Cooper’s over all corporate portfolios †¢Pursuing companies have stable earning or earning counter cyclical to oil and natural gas †¢ 30 years acquired more than 60 manufacturing companies †¢Retain only best top leadership from the acquired business †¢Centralized activities including managing inventories, sales, shipping, billing and headquarters. †¢Over 30 divestitures in under 20 years in efforts to only keep business that would continue to add value †¢Half of growth depends upon internal growth and other half from acquisitions †¢Reviewed about 100 potential acquisitions annually. †¢Division had a global responsibility for its operations. †¢Close examination of business parts in order to place different products into a more well suited area of the corporation. †¢Corporate management teams participate in every policy decision made in the organizations †¢Internal audit staff and four person team of manufacturing cost systems experts available †¢Labor relation, shareholders and public relations, environmental matters, legal affairs, administering personnel policy and benefits programs handle by one person. †¢Strong union-avoidance policy †¢Precisely focused upon complying with strategy rather than upon assigning blame for poor performance. †¢Knowledgeable, understanding, and supportive division managers. Managing each individual business owned by Coopers †¢Focus on products that served basic needs and suspending manufacturing on unprofitable products. †¢Vertical integration of other business to lower supply and dealer cost. †¢ Gain leverage with distributors because of greater sales volume and wider product offering. †¢Decentralized operation philosophy. †¢Bottom-up strategic planning. Managed linkages among different divisions of Coopers businesses †¢Combining sales member from other companies to promote all products creating a small yet efficient sales team. †¢Strong brand name for superior quality. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cash flow is king,† implemented thinking in divisions to keep money on hand to be able to acquire businesses fast and efficiently if needed or  opportunity presents itself. †¢Production improvements based upon broader perspective of manufacturing plants they one plant can have. †¢Established purchasing council negotiated advantageous prices †¢New building and/or major construction products would be expected to purchases Cooper’s supplies. Manage change in the businesses owned by Coopers †¢Combining duplicate product lines to one division  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lean and mean,† cost structures while limited power of spending habits to lower level managers. †¢Rationalized manufacturing facilities to close underutilized plants †¢Consolidating sales and marketing programs to help develop a unified market identity and then construct showroom to display all of its products, train architects, designers, and to show off product lines. †¢Enhanced management of distribution-oriented businesses because of experience at Cooper’s. Recommendations for changes in future acquisitions and mergers: It is my belief that Coopers has a first-class corporate strategy that is very effective at making money. They have great portfolio management skills with obtaining and releasing companies that is best for the stockholders. This means there is little agency problem that occurs in the corporation. Coopers is also great at creating productive manufacturing companies with little worries about foreign competitors due to high-quality products, technologies and management teams in place to direct uncharted directions. The only recommendation of change I have is for the company to have a greater appreciation of people currently running the acquired businesses. Yes, Coopers obtained them in a rundown condition, but the companies are still in business. That means the few people holding the company together could be lost with the â€Å"my way or the highway† philosophy of Coopers. This only need to be a small change, Coopers is good at identifying profitable parts of a business except mid and low level human based resources. Cooper should start an evaluation process of current workers and the ones that are a superior fit should be sent to a different part of the corporation to be trained in the Cooperization process in hopes they will one day become a greater asset to the company. 2. How is Cooper Industries structured? Is this structure  appropriate for its strategy? Would you recommend any structural adjustments? Divisional Structure The diversification structure is very appropriate for Cooper Industries. Cooper has operations in manufacturing, administration and finance across many different products creating synergy throughout entire corporation. These operations across many different products, areas, and customers gives enhanced flexibility to the corporation as a whole in responding to change. This flexibility creates enhanced coordination across the functional departments due to expertise focus. The diversification structure combined with an expertise focus allows Coopers to evaluate internally to give clear responsibility with a mature sense of correction. As if the diversification structure with the expertise focus wasn’t enough, Coopers added a system of control on top of all this to ensure success. This control required all division to propose a standard 150 line item monthly financial report, guidelines to help direct potential acquisitions, and strong brand name awareness for quality creating a well-built company. Cooper recommended structural adjustments In the case of Cooper’s structure I believe it is prestige and shouldn’t be touched. The fact that the company gives up control of day-to-day activities with monitoring and guidance available creates trust in throughout the entire organization. Secondly, because the Cooper’s breaks up newly acquired companies and transfers resources among the different business units or even to relocates a full line to different divisions show that this is a forward thinking company. Thirdly, it would be unachievable for another corporation to compete on the same level as Cooper because it has co-leader in every divisional segment. Lastly, even if a company does become available to purchase you better be ready to compete with Coopers which is a force you don’t want to come against.

The Story of an Eyewitness Essay Analysis

In The Story of an Eyewitness, journalist Jack London gives readers a vivid first-person account of the terrible aftermath of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco. London's report originally appeared in Collier's Weekly, May 5, 1906. As a reporter, London uses his writing experience to illustrate the devastation he witnesses by using similes, metaphors, irony, and personification. His incredible descriptions transport the reader right into the burning streets. The story begins with the earthquake destroying many buildings and causing hundreds of thousands of dollars of damage. However, London expresses emphases on the fire that caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage. He uses a metaphor to describe what he saw, â€Å"San Francisco's burning was a lurid tower visible a hundred miles away. † Next, he uses personification to illustrate his picture, â€Å"and for three days and nights this lurid tower swayed in the sky. London states that the fires spread quickly throughout the city, and could not be controlled by any man. Again, he uses personification to bring the fire alive, â€Å"Thus did the fire of itself build its own colossal chimney through the atmosphere. † London uses irony to describe the fires on Wednesday night, â€Å"Remarkable as it may seem, Wednesday night while the whole city crashed and roared into ruin, was a quiet night. † The fires lasted two days, Wednesday morning until Thursday night. While the city was burning, inhabitants tried to flee the city with their belongings. People tried to make it up San Francisco’s many steep hills, but had a hard time, so they ended up leaving most of their things behind. London uses a simile to paint the picture of the people giving up, â€Å"In the end, completely played out, after toiling for a dozen hours like giants. † After the fires burned out, all of the buildings, hotels, stores, and houses in San Francisco were gone. Many people became homeless. London’s simile describes the aftermath, â€Å"San Francisco, at the present time, is like the crater of a volcano, around which are camped tens of thousands of refugees. † Ironically, Jack London does not end the story with gloom and doom. After all the destruction and devastation, London brings back hope by informing readers that the United States Government is going to help the refugees. Also, we are assured that San Francisco is not dead because the bankers and business men have already set about making preparations to rebuild San Francisco.

buy custom Recent Rise in Obesity in America essay

buy custom Recent Rise in Obesity in America essay The occurrence of obesity, as well as diseases caused by obesity, has increased tremendously fast in America since 1970. This high number of obesity cases has due to the high number of fast food restaurants and low levels of active transportation, such as public transportation, walking and bicycling. Research shows that many people do few exercises after taking meals, and this has contributed to accumulation of excessive fats in the body that result to obesity (Crawford 2010). These exercises include walking and bicycling, which today people rarely practice. This is because most of the developed countries such as America, most people depend automobiles rather than active transportation such as walking, bicycling when travelling to work and school. This has been a significant determinant of the remarkable increases on the rates of obesity. Obesity has been a silent killer in America and; therefore, intensive efforts are necessary to help in the plight which is obesity. Obesity is a co nstant condition, of storing fats in excess, in the body. Although, body fat is vital for the efficient functioning of the body, too much of fat is dangerous. THE PROBLEM It was noted that many people take this high caloric food and do less exercise such as walking, which has resulted increase of cases of obesity and diseases cause by obesity. According to research, physical activity produced by active transportation can be useful in weight control. Physical activities such as bicycling and walking can help one expend a considerable amounts of energy in a day. Additionally, use of public transportation such as buses, trains and subways help one engage in walking and cycling to and from the bus stop, which will help in weight control as well as other mental and physical health benefits. The purpose of this paper is to explore the problem of low level of active transportation such as walking, public transportation and bicycling, have caused the rise of obesity in America (Great Britain 2004). It will also explore the reasons why it has resulted to the rise of obesity cases. REASONS FOR THE PROBLEM The problem of less active transportation such as walking is common in America whereby many people depend on automobile transportation to travel to work and school (Hamid 2009). One reason for less active transportation among Americans is the busy life that many people have. Many people have more than one responsibility whereby one is a mother or a father, a student, and an employee and the same time. With all these responsibility, one has limited time in a day; therefore, is supposed to use it wisely so as to be able to carry all he responsibilities. To be able to use the limited time to carry out all the activities of the day, many people use automobile transportation, which saves more time than walking, bicycling and using public transportation such as buses. As a result, they are not able to exercise physically, an activity that helps expend significant amounts of energy. This helps in weight control as well as other mental and physical health benefits. With the less physical exe rcise, many people store excessive fats in the body, which leads to obesity, a condition that cause diseases that have killed many people (Jelalian Steele 2008).. The other reason for less active transportation among Americans is that use of personal car to travel in a family is cheap. This is because a family car can be used to carry the whole family when travelling to work as well as the kids when going to school. The parents are able to take the children to school as they go to work. With the high cost of living, many families look for cheaper ways of living, whereby they use the cheapest means of transport to work as well as the kid to school. Therefore, instead of paying the bus fare to school, the parents travel together with their children while they travel to school to save money used when travelling using buses. This has reduced the chances of many children and their parents to participate in activities such as walking in order to expend the energy obtained from the foods they take. As a result, many children and parents become obese since there is excess storage of fats in the body due to less exercise. This excessive accumulation of fats leads to other dangerous diseases such as diabetes, which has killed many Americans. SOLUTIONS To solve this problem whereby less people engage in active transportation that helps in controlling the body weight, solutions should be put forward. One of the solutions is that people who have a busy life due to the many responsibilities they have should find time to engage in activities such as walking. For instance, they should use their weekends to engage in activities such as walking and bicycling in order to compensate for the days they have been using in automobile transportation (Kelly 2010). This will enable utilization of fats that have been taken from the meals, especially those with high content of calories. With the utilization of the excess fats in the body through active transportation and exercises, one is able to control the body weight. This will also help prevent the occurrence of obesity and diseases caused by obesity such as diabetes and heart failure. On the issue of automobile as a cheap way of transport, families should at timess allow the children travel to school using public vehicles such as buses, which will allow them walk from the bus station to school. This will allow them exercise their body in order to use up the excess fats that are stored in the body. Parents should also at times use public transits to travel to work so as to get an opportunity to exercise their bodies to prevent accumulation of fats in the body. In engaging in such activities will prevent them from obesity and diseases, such as diabetes, which force many parents to incur massive medical bills to tender to their medical conditions. As a result, the cost of living continues to increase that may result to poverty in the family. Parents and children; therefore should engage in active transportation when travelling to work and school so as to prevent the occurrence of obesity and diseases related to obesity. In addition, keeping children when they are phy sically fit prevents from limiting their lifespan; hence prevent wiping out future generations in the society. As a result, they are left to enhance development and growth economically in the society. ACTION PLAN Actions should be taken to ensure that cases of obesity are prevented so as to reduce the number of deaths caused by diseases related to obesity. This increased rate of obesity; therefore requires physical exercises, such as active transportation since travelling is an activity that many people engage every day (Kopelman, Caterson, Dietz, 2010). Active transportation such as walking and bicycling will lead to the reduction in obesity rate as well as promoting a healthy nation. Campaigns need to be launched to advocate for health literacy in order to inform people about the significance of good, healthy eating. The public should work together with the private sectors to improve the obesity situation in the country by encouraging physical exercise that help to weight control (Lee, McAlexander Banda 2011). CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is evident that low levels of active transportation, such as public transportation, walking and bicycling have contributed to the rise of obesity in America. Dependency on automobiles has resulted to rise of obesity in America; therefore, it is the high time for Americans to engage in active transportation to reduce cases of obesity. Obesity is the main cause of the many serious diseases. It is time to take a serious stand by emphasizing on the importance of body fitness and exercises. It is time American citizens required immediate action to eliminate obesity in their country. Attitudinal transformation is a significant step towards eliminating cases of obesity in America. Buy custom Recent Rise in Obesity in America essay

Great Rift Valley - Crack in the Planets Crust

Great Rift Valley - Crack in the Planet's Crust The Rift Valley of eastern Africa and Asia (sometimes called the Great Rift Valley [GRV] or East African Rift system [EAR or EARS]) is an enormous geological split in the crust of the earth, thousands of kilometers long, up to 125 miles (200 kilometers) wide, and between a few hundred to thousands of meters deep. First designated as the Great Rift Valley in the late 19th century and visible from space, the valley has also been a great source of hominid fossils, most famously in Tanzanias Olduvai Gorge. Key Takeaways: Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a huge fracture in the crust of the earth in the eastern part of Africa.  Crustal rifts are found all over the world, but the one in East Africa is the largest.  The rift is a complex series of faultlines that runs from the Red Sea down into Mozambique.The Lake Turkana basin in the rift region is known as the Cradle of Mankind and has been a source of hominid fossils since the 1970s.A 2019 paper suggests that the Kenyan and Ethiopian rifts are evolving into one single oblique rift.   The Rift Valley is the result of an ancient series of faults, rifts, and volcanoes deriving from the shifting of tectonic plates at the junction between the Somalian and the African plates. Scholars recognize two branches of the GRV: the eastern half- which is that piece north of Lake Victoria that runs NE/SW and meets the Red Sea; and the western half- running nearly N/S from Victoria to the Zambezi river in Mozambique. The eastern branch rifts first occurred 30 million years ago, the western 12.6 million years ago. In terms of rift evolution, many parts of the Great Rift Valley are in different stages, from pre-rift in the Limpopo valley, to initial-rift stage at the Malawi rift; to typical-rift stage in the northern Tanganyika rift region; to advanced-rift stage in the Ethiopian rift region; and finally to oceanic-rift stage in the Afar range. That means the region is still quite tectonically active: see Chorowicz (2005) for much more detail concerning the ages of the different rift regions. Geography and Topography The East African Rift System stretches from the Red Sea to Mozambique. It is marked by the African Great Lakes and is currently the largest rift of the world. S. Brune; Kartengrundlage: Nasa-World-Wind The Eastern African Rift Valley is a long valley flanked by uplifted shoulders that step down to the central rift by more or less parallel faults. The main valley is classed as a continental rift, extending from 12 degrees north to 15 degrees south of our planets​ equator. It extends a length of 3,500 km  and intersects major portions of the modern countries of Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique and minor portions of others. The width of the valley varies between 30 km to 200 km (20-125 mi), with the widest section at the northern end where it links to the Red Sea in the Afar region of Ethiopia. The depth of the valley varies across eastern Africa, but for most of its length it is more than 1 km (3280 feet) deep and at its deepest, in Ethiopia, it is over 3 km (9,800 ft) deep. The topographical steepness of its shoulders and the depth of the valley have created specialized microclimates and hydrology within its walls. Most rivers are short and small within the valley, but a few follow the rifts for hundreds of kilometers, discharging into deep lake basins. The valley acts as a north-south corridor for the migration of animals and birds  and inhibits east/west movements. When glaciers dominated most of Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene, the rift lake basins were havens for animals and plant life, including early hominins. History of the Rift Valley Studies Following on the mid- to late-19th-century work of dozens of explorers including the famous David Livingstone, the concept of an East African rift fracture was established by Austrian geologist Eduard Suess, and named the Great Rift Valley of East Africa in 1896 by British geologist John Walter Gregory. In 1921, Gregory described the GRV as a system of graben basins which included the valleys of the Red and Dead Seas in western Asia, as the Afro-Arabian rift system. Gregorys interpretation of the GRV formation was that two faults had opened up and a central piece dropped down forming the valley (called a graben). Since Gregorys investigations, scholars have re-interpreted the rift as the result of multiple graben faults organized over a major fault line at the plate juncture. The faults occurred in time from the Paleozoic to Quaternary eras, a time span of some 500 million years. In many areas, there have been repeated rifting events, including at least seven phases of rifting over the past 200 million years. Paleontology in the Rift Valley In the 1970s, paleontologist Richard Leakey designated the East African Rift region as the Cradle of Mankind, and there is no doubt that the earliest hominids- members of the Homo species- arose within its boundaries. Why that happened is a matter of conjecture, but may have something to do with the steep valley walls and microclimates created within them. The interior of the rift valley was isolated from the rest of Africa during the Pleistocene ice age  and sheltered freshwater lakes located in savannahs. As with other animals, our early ancestors may have found refuge there when the ice covered much of the planet and then evolved as hominids within its tall shoulders. An interesting study on the genetics of frog species by Freilich and colleagues showed that the valleys micro-climates and topography are at least, in this case, a biogeographic barrier that resulted in the splitting of the species into two separate gene pools. It is the eastern branch (much of Kenya and Ethiopia) where much of the paleontological work has identified hominids. Beginning about 2 million years ago, barriers in the eastern branch eroded away, a time which is coeval (as much as that clock can be called co-eval) with the spread of Homo species outside of Africa. Rift Evolution Analysis of the rift reported by German geologist Sascha Brune and colleagues in March 2019 (Corti et al. 2019) suggests that although the rift began as two overlapping disconnected rifts (Ethiopian and Kenyan), the lateral offset that lies in the Turkana depression has evolved and continues to evolve into a single oblique rift.   In March of 2018, a great crack measuring 50 feet wide and miles long opened up in the Suswa area of southwestern Kenya. Scientists believe the cause was not a sudden recent shift of the tectonic plates, but rather the abrupt erosion to the surface of a long-standing subsurface crack that developed over thousands of years. Recent heavy rains caused the soil to collapse over the crack, exposing it to the surface, rather like a sinkhole.  Ã‚   Selected Sources Blinkhorn, J., and M. Grove. The Structure of the Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 195 (2018): 1–20. Print.Chorowicz, Jean. The East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43.1–3 (2005): 379–410. Print.Corti, Giacomo, et al. Aborted Propagation of the Ethiopian Rift Caused by Linkage with the Kenyan Rift. Nature Communications 10.1 (2019): 1309. Print.Deino, Alan L., et al. Chronology of the Acheulean to Middle Stone Age Transition in Eastern Africa. Science 360.6384 (2018): 95–98. Print.Freilich, Xenia, et al. Comparative Phylogeography of Ethiopian Anurans: Impact of the Great Rift Valley and Pleistocene Climate Change. BMC Evolutionary Biology 16.1 (2016): 206. Print.Frostick, L. Africa: Rift Valley. Encyclopedia of Geology. Eds. Cocks, L. Robin M. and Ian R. Plimer. Oxford: Elsevier, 2005. 26–34. Print.Sahnouni, Mohamed, et al. 1.9-Million- and 2.4-Million-Year-Old Artifacts and Stone Tool-Cutmarked Bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria. Science 362.6420 (2018): 1297–301. Print. Simon, Brendan, et al. Deformation and Sedimentary Evolution of the Lake Albert Rift (Uganda, East African Rift System). Marine and Petroleum Geology 86 (2017): 17–37. Print.

Internal factor Evaluation on Michael Kors Company Essay - 2

Internal factor Evaluation on Michael Kors Company - Essay Example While compared to the industry performance, Michael Kors holdings Ltd. Has maintained a steady growth, sending a positive message to the investors. Sales by the company were higher than the aggregate sales by the entire industry. Moreover, the net income too grew consistently with the industry indicating a positive growth of the firm in the industry. For instance, the net income of the company for a 5 year average period was 114.64 against that of the industry that was at 18.56. Price earnings ratio (P/E Ratio) is the current share price of a company compared the company’s per share earnings. While arriving at the price earnings ratio, the market value per share of the company is divided by the company’s earnings per share. High Price earnings ratio gives an indication to the investors to expect higher earnings at the end of the financial year. Previously, since the decision to go public in the year 2011, the company has had a steady growth and has managed to be a leading market in the high end fashion industry. Cited as its biggest strength, the company has been able to avoid the pitfalls that have befallen its rivals in the design industry (Caplinger web). The steady increase has been reflected on its performance against the overall market performance, registering a higher current ratio than the industry’s general performance. Price sales ratios of the company are also higher than those of the company, while price cash ration are also higher than the industry’s. Profit Margins of a company indicate the level of profitability of a company in relation to the sales and revenue obtained. A high profit margin indicates a positive growth and increased levels of income for the shareholders. While compared with the average industry’s performance, the profit margin indicates the most profitable firms in an industry where investors are guaranteed their returns. Michael Kors has maintained a steady growth in its sales volume which has

CRASH by Paul Haggis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRASH by Paul Haggis - Essay Example To begin with, Gary Becker’s Taste Model explicates that discrimination may occur when workers and employers dislike working together with people from dissimilar ethnic backgrounds or customers loathe buying goods and products from salespeople from different races (Riley). In simple terms, Becker suggests that people have a preference to associate with individuals from their own ethnic groups. This model clearly explicates what racial prejudice entails. Next, employer ignorance also plays a significant role in promoting labor market discrimination. In this case, employers fail to scrutinize the productive abilities of individuals; instead, they use discernible features such as race or gender as proxies. This judgment is based on the employer’s belief that some people are less productive compared to others because of their gender or race; thus, denying them employment or paying them salaries or wages that fairly reflect their experience, productivity and applicability to the job (Riley). Occupational crowding effect is also a factor that promotes labor market discrimination. In this scenario, minorities and females are crowded into lowly paying jobs. In explaining how labor market discrimination is experienced in the society, I would use the movie ‘Crash,’ co-written, directed and produced by Paul Haggis. The movie is about social and racial tensions in the crowded city of Los Angeles, California. The stories and experiences of several characters interweave to make the movie a success. One of the scenes depicting racial discrimination at its acclaimed heights occurs when Rick Cabot, the local District Attorney, with his wife, Jean, are carjacked while entering their Lincoln Navigator. The two black carjackers, Anthony and Peter, are infuriated by Jean’s reaction after seeing them. This compels them to snatch the couple’s car since they considered Jean’s reaction as demeaning and disrespectful. Anthony asserts that he does not understand why a

Brain Research Studies and their Significance to the Juvenile Justice Essay

Brain Research Studies and their Significance to the Juvenile Justice System - Essay Example In studying the juvenile brain, the use of new technology in the neurosciences have given way to new observations about differences in the structures of human adult brains and human juvenile brains, observations which basically stress the underdevelopment of juvenile brains. These observations in the structural differences between adult and juvenile brains have now sparked heated debates among scientists in regards to whether the observed differences have any real significance in how juveniles think and act. Aside from the scientific circle, legal experts and concerned citizens are also engaged in similar debates about whether or not these observed structural differences should be applied on how we treat juvenile offenders. The readings provided to us all provide insights into new findings about how the human brain develops. These new researches show how there really are differences between adult brains and teenage brains, with the conclusion that juvenile brains are basically immature. Of course, this has always been assumed by people. We have always assumed that teenagers are less mature and that's why there are a lot of rights that a teenager cannot exercise until he has reached the age of 18. But it is only now that this immaturity is actually based on scientific fact and not just observations of how teenagers behave. There is not much argument about the validity of these observed differences. The bigger debate lies on whether these structural differences are actually significant, and how these differences should be interpreted. First of all, the new brain research findings that were described in the readings show that the development of the human brain actually finishes only at the early 20's. (American Bar Association) Also, another important detail about recent brain research findings is the actual path of development for human brains. Not only was the structure of the teenage brain observed to be underdeveloped as compared to adult brains, research findings also show that the last part to develop fully is the pre-frontal cortex. (Bower 2004) The interpretation of these observations then leads to the debate. As a relatively young science, there are still a lot of things about the human brain that cannot be adequately explained by Neuroscience. Although large strides are being made in regards to mapping the structure of the human brain, the actual function of all these structures is still very theoretical. The significance and function of the frontal lobe and the pre-frontal cortex, for example, is still not fully determined. (Bower 2004) Although a large number of neuroscientists agree that the frontal lobe where the pre-frontal cortex is located has been observed to usually be active when an individual is undertaking higher thought processes, they cannot conclude that the pre-frontal cortex itself is responsible for these higher thought processes. It may just be a coincidence. Some believe these research findings may only show correlations between some functions of the brain and the activity of different brain structures, but they do not give

The History And Background Of Suicide Nursing Essay

The History And Background Of Suicide Nursing Essay Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people; however the incidence of attempted suicide is much more. It has been observed that after puberty, rate of suicide increases with age until it stabilizes in young adulthood. This increase in suicide may be associated with the onset and increase in depressive and other disorders during adolescents as compared to childhood. Suicide ideation, gestures and attempts are frequently but not always associated with depressive disorders, reports indicate that as many as half of suicidal individuals express suicidal intention to a friend or a relative within 24 hours before enactive suicidal behavior. It is a time proven fact that all the living organisms on this earth fight for survival and existence. What then makes the man to risk his own life? The tragedy of self inflicted death has always attracted the attention of the medical as well as the legal fraternity. People who have committed suicide or have been thinking about committing suicide probably feel overwhelmed by their problems. They might not be able to handle that kind of pressure and feel that death would be the only way to escape it.( Alonso J,2008). Although suicide was condemned in the Dharmashastras, yet, there is also a chapter on allowed suicides. But the earlier scriptures, of Manus and Kautilyas were against suicide. These sentiments were echoed for ages in India. Even though today, attempted suicide is also a crime in India under the Indian Penal Code system. The neighbouring country Sri Lanka has removed attempted suicide as a punishable offence. In India, even the assisting and abetting suicide is also a punishable offence. The striking aspect of Indian data is the large variation in different parts of India in relation to attempted/committed suicide. The states and cities with rapid social change are associated with higher suicide rates in the year 2010, such as the states of Tamilnadu (5470) and Andhra Pradesh (5675),Maharashtra (6289), West Bengal (5302).(NCRBI 2007). Adolescence is a stressful developmental period filled with major changes: body changes, changes in thoughts, and changes in feelings. Strong feelings of stress, confusion, fear, and uncertainty, as well as pressure to succeed, and the ability to think about things in new ways influence a teenagers problem solving and decision making abilities. For some teenagers, normal developmental changes, when compounded by other events or changes in their families such as parental divorce or moving to a new community, changes in friendships, difficulties in school, or other losses can be very upsetting and become overwhelming. Problems may appear too difficult or embarrassing to overcome. For some, suicide may seem like a perfect solution. The adolescent suicide rate has greatly increased in recent years. Suicides in those ages 15 to 24 years once accounted for 5% of all suicides but now it is increased to 14%. This makes suicide the third leading cause of death among adolescents. Suicide rates for males within the age group of 10 14 years have tripled, whereas rates for males aged 15 to 19 years have quadrupled. Rates for females have doubled. Males aged 15 to 19 years are nearly 5 times more likely to kill themselves than females in the same age group. Although female adolescents attempt suicide 2 to 3 times more often than their male counterparts. Recorded suicide attempts peak between the ages of 15 and 19years.(WHO 2008). 1.1 NEED FOR STUDY: The numbers of suicides are increasing in India. India accounts for 10% of worlds suicides. According to the latest national crime record bureau report, there are over 1.2 lakh suicides in 2006 and 1.3 lakh in 2007. It also states that Bangalore has the highest rate of suicides in India. Till June 2007 there have been around 900 cases of suicide reported from Bangalore city alone. In 2005, 1,480 persons have committed suicide, while in the year 2006, the number was over 2,000, and among all states, Karnataka stands second after Kerala, followed by Maharashtra and West Bengal (Gururaj G.2008). According to WHOs estimation, in the year 2004, approximately one million people died from suicide, and 10 20 times more people attempted suicide worldwide. This represents one death every 40 seconds and one attempt every 3 seconds, on average (WHO,2004). The adolescent suicide rate has greatly increased in recent years. Suicides in those ages 15 to 24 years once accounted for 5% of all suicides but now it is increased to 14%. This makes suicide the third leading cause of death among adolescents. Suicide rates for males within the age group of 10 14 years have tripled, whereas rates for males aged 15 to 19 years have quadrupled. Rates for females have doubled. Males aged 15 to 19 years are nearly 5 times more likely to kill themselves than females in the same age group. Although female adolescents attempt suicide 2 to 3 times more often than their male counterparts. Recorded suicide attempts peak between the ages of 15 and 19years (Marlow,2002). 1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF SUICIDAL IDEATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PRIYADARSHINI SCHOOL,PITHAPURAM,ANDHRA PRADESH. 1.3 OBJECTIVES: 1.3.1 To assess the knowledge regarding preventive measures of suicidal ideation among adolescents. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on Preventive measures of Suicidal ideation among adolescents. 1.3.3 To associate the preventive measures for suicidal ideation among adolescents with the various demographic variables. 1.4 ASSUMPTIONS: The adolescents are prone for suicidal thoughts. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS: There will be a significant difference between the preventive measures for suicidal ideation before and after administration of structured teaching programme. There will be a significant association between the preventive measures for suicidal ideation with various demographic variables 1.6 Operational Definition: 1.6.1 Suicide: is the act of intentionally taking ones own life in a culturally no endorsed manner. 1.6.2. Preventive measures: refer to the risk factors, warning signs, suicidal behavior, misconceptions of suicide, how to communicate and monitoring safety needs in the environment. 1.7 Conceptual Framework: Modified general systems theory of learning: General systems theory is useful in breaking process into sequential operations or tasks to ensure goal realization. Purpose, goal or aim is necessary for any process or system. The aim of the study is to increase the knowledge of preventive measures for suicidal ideation. Input: The first function is the input which is the information, energy or matter that enters the system. For a system to work well the input should concentrate in achieving the purpose of the system. In the present study the information, energy or matter which enters the system is the introduction of structured teaching programme regarding the preventive measures for suicidal ideation. In the present study input is the existing knowledge regarding preventive measures for suicidal ideation. Throughput: According to the theorist, throughput refers to the process used by the system to convert raw material or energy into products that are usable by the system itself or by the environment. In this active phase, teacher converts the information from structured teaching programme regarding preventive measures for suicidal ideation. Output: According to theorist, it refers to the product or service which results from the systems through put. Output in this study refers to the end product of the system. This is evidenced by adolescents gaining knowledge regarding the preventive measures for suicidal ideation. Evaluation: Evaluation is the information about some aspects of data or energy processing that can be used, to evaluate and monitor the system and to guide it to more effective performance. In the present study, evaluation measures the success or failure of output. I t is done by measuring the performance and it is graded as adequate knowledge (>75% scores), moderately adequate knowledge (50%-75% scores) and inadequate knowledge ( Feedback: The final function is feedback which is the process of communicating what is found in evaluation of the system. It is the information given back to the system to determine whether or not the purpose or end result of the system has been achieved. The final part of feed back communicates what is found in the evaluation and it tells whether the structured teaching programme was effective in enhancing the knowledge of adolescents regarding the preventive measures for suicidal ideation. 1.8 Projected Outcome: Structured teaching program helps to improve the knowledge on preventive measures for suicidal ideation among adolescents. Fig: 1.1 MODIFIED SYSTEM MODEL TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF ADOLESCENTS REGARDING PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF SUICIDAL IDEATION OUTPUT THROUGH PUT INPUT Assessment of demographic variables of adolescents such as age, sex, family income, religion, parents education. Pre assessment of knowledge of adolescents regarding preventive measures of suicidal ideation Post assessment of knowledge of adolescents regarding preventive measures of suicidal ideation Adequate Inadequate Structured teaching Programme on Preventive measures of suicidal ideation Inadequate Moderately adequate REASSESSMENT CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of Literature is a key step in research process. Nursing research may be considered as a continuing process in which knowledge gained from earlier studies is an integral part of research in general. In review of literature a researcher analyses existing knowledge before delving into a new study and when making judgement about application of new knowledge in nursing practice. The literature review is an extensive, systematic, and critical review of the most important published scholarly literature on a particular topic. 2.1 Literatures related to Suicide risk factors 2.2 Literatures related to Prevention of suicidal ideation 2.1 Literatures related to Suicide risk factors A case control study was conducted to identify and quantify risk factors for completed suicides in Bangalore, India. The study was conducted with the families of 269 completed suicides and 269 living controls within the broader population of the city using psychological autopsy methods. The results showed that, the significant risk factors for completed suicides were the presence of previous suicidal attempt in self [odds ratio (OR) = 42.62], interpersonal conflicts and marital disharmony with spouse [OR = 27.98], alcoholism [OR = 23.38], presence of mental illness [OR = 11.07], sudden economic bankruptcy [OR =7.1], domestic violence [OR = 6.82], and unemployment [OR = 6.15]. Individuals completing suicides did not have a positive outlook towards life, problem solving approaches and coping skills. The study concluded that, the intervention strategies should include prioritized macro and micro level efforts aimed at individual, family and society. (Gururaj G 2007) A study conducted involving 1205 adolescent students of two schools from New Delhi reported, one year suicidal ideation was 11.7%. they also found that physical abuse by parents, feelings neglected by parents, history of running away from school, history of suicide by a friend and death wish were found to be associated with non-fatal suicidal behavior. (Siddhartha and Jena,2006). A study conducted on bullying and risk of suicidal behaviour among adolescents in New York. Total 2341 adolescents aged 13-19 years who were enrolled in grades 9 through 12 in suburban school was selected for study. Researchers used Beck Depression Inventory to assess depression and suicide Ideation Questionnaire. Suicide attempt history included any attempt, regardless extend of injury. With regard bullying behaviour, students were asked how often they had been bullied or had bullied others in and out of school during the past 4 weeks. Being bullied was defined as having the student say or do unpleasant thing or being teased repeatedly in a way the person does not like. Result shows about 20% student reported that they were victims of bullying in school and about 10% reported that they were victims of bullying outside the school. With regard to bullying behavior, about 25% students reported that they bullied other students in school and 15% reported that they were bullied others out side school .The risk of depression, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt was significantly higher for students who were considered either a victim or a bully compared with students who were not. The more frequent the bullying behaviour the greater risk of depression, suicidal ideation or suicidal attempt. (Wagnar KD,2007). A study conducted on rates and factors associated with suicide in Kaniymbadi block, Tamil Nadu, South India. The setting for the study was a comprehensive community health programme in a development block in rural South India. The main outcome measure was death by suicide diagnosed by detailed verbal autopsy and census and birth and death data to identify population base. Result shows the average suicide rate was 92.1 per 1,00.000. The ratio of male to female suicide was 1:0.66. The age specific suicide rate for women showed two peaks: 15-24 year and over 65 years of age. Hanging (49%) and poisoning with organo-phosphorus compound (40.5%) were commonest method of suicide. Acute or chronic stress was elicited for nearly all subjects. More men suffered from chronic stress while more women had acute precipitating events (x2= 4.58; p A study conducted on risk factors for completed suicide in Banglore, India. A case control study conducted with families of 269 completed suicides and 269 living control within the broader population of city, using psychological autopsy method. Result shows that several factor in the areas of family, marriage, education, occupation, general health, mental health and absence of protective factors contribute significantly for suicides .The significance factor were presence of previous suicidal attempt in self (odds ratio OR = 42.62), interpersonal conflicts and marital disharmony with spouse (O =27.98), alcoholism in self (OR=23.38), presence of mental illness (OR=11.07), sudden economic bankruptcy (OR=7.1), domestic violence (OR=6.82) and unemployment(OR= 6.15). Individual completing suicide did not have a positive outlook towards life, problem solving approaches and coping scale (Gururaj G and Isaac MK, 2007). A study was conducted on psychosocial risk factors associated with suicide attempts among psychiatric inpatient and this study examine how suicide attempts and violent behavior associated with various psychosocial problems. This study included 216 inpatient who had physically assaulted another patient and a comparison group of 81 inpatient who had not assaulted any one. The result was suicide attempts were associated with a history of head trauma harsh parental discipline and parental psychopathology (Menhem.I and Krakowski, 2004). A study conducted on psychosocial stressors may be strongly associated with suicide attempts; the aim of the study was to clarify the importance of psychosocial stressors in suicidal behavior and 250 suicide attempts seen at general hospital emergence room. Acute and chronic life events were assessed with the St. Paul Ramsey life experience scale Holmes and Rahes social adjustment scale respectively, life long adverse experience were also assessed. The logistic regression with dependent variable included psychosocial stressor (Odds ratio (OR)=33.6) And other interpersonal conflicts (OR =10.5) modification of life habits (OR = 14.6) adult physical abuse (OR = 7.1) confounding factors with significant ORS were cluster B traits (OR = 21.2) and finally this study mainly a replication of prior knowledge of psychosocial stressors.( Enrique Baca-Garcia, and Claudia.P.Parra,2007). A cross-sectional study of 342 adolescents aged 10-19 years from 19 schools. Multivariate analysis showed that a history of self-violence, violent thoughts toward others, mental health diagnoses other than depression, and a history of sexual abuse were positively associated with suicide attempt. Sexual abuse, mental health diagnoses other than depression, self-violence, and ease of access to lethal substances/weapons were positively associated with suicide ideation and found a relatively high prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents living in Western Jamaica. An accurate understanding of the prevailing risk factors for suicide attempts will promote a more sympathetic approach to victims and facilitate prevention efforts.( Rudatsikira E,2010). A cross-sectional school survey of 4,500 adolescent students based on a structured questionnaire. Data were collected using the supervised self-administered questionnaire (modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance in the Malaysian National Language, Bahasa Malaysia). Seven percent (312 of 4,454) of the adolescent students had seriously considered attempting suicide. Among the adolescents, 4.6% had attempted suicide at least once during the 12 months preceding the survey. Female adolescents were more likely to put their suicidal thoughts into suicidal action than were male adolescents. Malay and Indian people are more likely than the Chinese to respond, Felt sad and hopeless. However, Malay adolescents had the lowest rate of attempted suicide. Based on multiple logistic regression, factors significantly related to urban adolescents suicide behavior are Felt sad or hopeless, Number of days felt unsafe to go to school, Riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol, P hysical fight, and Number of days absent from school. In comparison, factors relating to rural adolescents suicide behavior are Felt sad or hopeless, Physical fight, Physical fight resulting in injury, and Drive a vehicle after drinking alcohol. Adolescent suicide behavior should be viewed as a serious problem. Measures can be taken to prevent suicide by looking at the factors significantly linked to suicidal behavior among adolescents. Steps can then be taken to identify adolescents who have serious suicidal ideation so that intervention can be taken to reduce the suicidal rate.( Chen PC and Lee LK,2005). A comparative study conducted at Slovenia in 2006 to compare coping styles among adolescents with and without deliberate self-harm concluded that suicidal ideation was associated with higher scores on emotional coping and lower scores on rational and detachment coping styles. Deliberate self-harm was associated with significantly higher scores on avoidance coping strategies and identified a need for improving coping strategies among deliberate self harm adolescents(Marusic A, Goodwin RD,2006). A study conducted on the associations between peer and parental relationships and suicidal behaviour in early adolescents. Method used statistics Canadas National Longitudinal Survey of Children Youth as the dataset. This cross sectional sample included 1049 girls and 1041 age 12 to 13 years. Answers obtained through self- report questionnaires that included measures of peer relationships, parental nurturance, and parental rejection, suicidal ideation and attempts. Result shows that among early adolescent boys and girls, depression, poor peer relationships, decrease parental nurturance and increase parental rejection wear all significantly associated with suicidal ideation and attempt.( Sarah A and Laurence YK, 2006). 2.2 Literatures related to Prevention of suicidal ideation An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a school based suicide awareness intervention among adolescents in Louisville, Kentucky. A self report questionnaire was used to collect data. A Solomon four groups design was used to assess the efficacy of suicide intervention classes. The results revealed that, the experimental groups as compared with control groups showed significant gains in relevant knowledge about suicidal peers and significantly more positive attitudes toward help seeking and intervening with troubled peers. (Kalafat J.,2006). A study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a school based prevention programme for reducing suicide potential among high risk youth in Washington, USA. A sample of 105 subjects at suicide risk participated in a three group, repeated measures, intervention study. Participants in (1) an assessment plus 1 semester experimental programme, (2) an assessment plus 2- semester experimental programme, and (3) an assessment only group were compared, using data from pre intervention, 5 month, and 10 month follow up assessments. The results suggested that, all groups showed decreased suicide risk behaviours, depression, hopelessness, stress, and anger; all groups also reported increased self- esteem and network social support. Increased personal control was observed only in the experimental groups, and not in the assessment only control group. The potential efficacy of the experimental school based prevention programme was demonstrated. The study concluded that, the necessary and sufficient strategies for suicide prevention have to be adopted. (Eggert LL, 2004). A study was conducted to assess the impact of a suicide prevention programme for adolescents on suicidal tendencies, hopelessness, ego identity, and coping ability in Israel. 393 adolescents from six schools participated in the study. The subjects were randomly divided into experimental (n = 215) and control (n= 178) groups. The experimental groups took part in seven weekly 2 hour meetings. In this pre-test post-test design, the students completed questionnaires of suicidal tendencies, hopelessness, ego identity, and coping ability before and after the programme. The statistical analysis showed that the experimental groups were superior to the controls, with at least some of the dependent measures pointing out the effectiveness of the programme ( Orbach I, 2003). An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Signs of Suicide (SOS) prevention programme in Farmington, USA. 2,100 students in 5 high schools were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Self administered questionnaire were completed by students in both groups approximately 3 months after programme implementation. The results revealed that, significantly lower rates of suicide attempts and greater knowledge and more adaptive attitudes about depression and suicide were observed among students in the intervention group than control group. The study concluded that, SOS is the first school based suicide prevention programme to demonstrate significant reductions in self reported suicide attempts (Eggert LL and Thompson EA,2007). A study was conducted on the effectiveness of school based psycho-educational programme in suicide prevention in adolescents. Sample collected from 172 high school students in the 16-18 age group include 108 girls and 64 boys. Method used a structured self-report questionnaire. The results show that the programme had no effect on coping styles and level of hopelessness. However positive effect on knowledge could be identified an interaction effect of the programme with gender on attitude was also found. A negative impact of programme could not be found. Findings from study suggest that psycho-educational programs in schools may influence knowledge about suicide and attitudes towards suicidal persons but may not affect the use of coping styles or levels of hopelessness (Gwendolyn P and Kees VH,2006). A study was conducted on the evaluation of the signs of suicide prevention program where data was collected from 4133 students in 9 schools. Method used self administered questionnaires completed by students in both groups approximately 3 month after the program implementation. Result shows significantly lower rates of suicide attempts and greater knowledge and more adaptive attitude about depression and suicide were observed in intervention group.( Robert H and Asetine J,2007). A study was conducted on to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an Informational Booklet on cancer risk factors among college students, nurses and doctors at university of Delhi. The objectives of the study was (1) to prepare an informational booklet on cancer risk factors (2) to assess the knowledge before and after the administration of informational booklet on cancer risk factors and (3) to determine the acceptability and utility of an informational booklet by college students, nurses and doctors. The one group pre-test post-test pre experimental research design adopted Convenient sampling method was used to select sample size 30. The data collection instruments used were (I) a structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge of students and (2) two structured opinionnaires were used to gather opinion regarding acceptability and utility of the booklet from college students, doctors and nurses. The results shown that information booklet is effective in increasing th e knowledge of the college students as evident from t (29) = 52.44 higher significant. Doctors and nurses were higher and close to the maximum possible acceptability and utility scores. The study concluded that the informational booklet was acceptable and useful for findings cancer risk factors ( Bairwa KS,2002). CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHODS Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project. This study was designed to find out effectiveness of structured teaching programme in promoting knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation among adolescents. This study was conducted by adopting following steps of research process as research design, setting, population and sampling, criteria for selection of samples, instruments and tools for data collection and methods of data analysis. Pilot study was conducted and changes were incorporated. 3.1 Research Design:The study was based on one group pre test and post test design. Pre test knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation among adolescents was assessed before providing education programme. Education regarding what is suicide, risk factors,misconceptions and facts, preventive measures of suicide was delivered through lecture cum discussion method by using LCD, blackboard. After a period of 5 to 7 days of education, the knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation among adolescent was reassessed. The paired t test was used to compare the pre test score and post test score and assosciation was used to find among variables. 3.2 Setting of the Study: The study was conducted in Priyadarshini High school Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh. 3.3 Population: The population of this study consisted of adolescents in the 9th standard. 3.3.1 Sample size: Size was determined by purposive sampling. All adolescents in the 9th standard were taken for the study 50 students. 3.4 Criteria for selection of sample: Inclusion criteria: Adolescents in the class of 9th standard Variables of the study: 3.5.1 Independent variable: The independent variable in this study is structured teaching programme on preventive measures of suicidal ideation. 3.5.2 Dependent variable: The dependent variable in this study is knowledge level gained by adolescent. 3.6 Instruments and tools for data collection: A questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of adolescents towards preventive measures of suicidal ideation . A structured questionnaire was developed based on literature, journal, text book. The questionnaire has two aspects demographic data and questionnaire on preventive measures of suicidal ideation. Section A: The demographic data includes sample number, age, sex, number of siblings, religion, family profile. Section B: This section consists of 25 questions, for each question 4 options were given in that only one is correct, students have to tick any one of the 4 options. For each question one mark was awarded, maximum mark obtained was 25. It was mandatory that all the 25 questions should be responded by the student. Scoring: Adequate : >75% Moderately adequate: 50 -75% Inadequate : 3.7 Reliability and validity of instruments and tools for data collection: The tool was prepared with the help of literature, research and subject guides. The reliability and validity was tested through pilot study. Additions and modifications suggested by experts were included in the tool. 3.8 Data Collection Procedure: Data collection was done in the month of July; data was collected through self administered questionnaire. After assessment education was delivered through lecture cum discussion using LCD, charts, black board. Doubts were clarified at the end of teaching. The reassessment was done after 5 to 7 days from the day the education started. 3.9 Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation: Frequency distribution tables were formulated for all baseline information. Frequencies were tabulated to understand the knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation. The distribution pattern was depicted through appropriate graphical methods. Results were inferred through statistical techniques likes paired t test and association was used among variables. 3.9.1 Paired t test: This formula was adopted to find out the significant difference between pretest and post test score, of adolescents to understand the knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation. = Mean difference between pretest and post test score. d = Difference between pretest score and post test score. SD = Standard deviation of the pretest score and post test score. = number of samples. 3.10 Report of Pilot Study: Pilot study was conducted in Priyadarshini School, Pithapuram,Andhra Pradesh. For the Pilot Study 16 Students were taken from 9th standard. The questionnaire was given to the students for the assessment of knowledge on Prevention Of suicidal ideation, after Pre-test it was found that only 2 students had adequate knowledge, 13 had moderately adequate knowledge,1 had in adequate knowledge. After structured teaching programme, the result of the Post test is as follows, 8 students had adequate knowledge, 8 students had moderately adequate knowledge. None of them had inadequate knowledge. 3.11. Changes Brought After pilot Study: After the pilot study changes were made in the questionnaire. CHAPTER -IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Data analysis is the process of analyzing the data in such a way that the research questions can be answered (Hungler and Polit, 2004). This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data collected from students of Priyadarshini high school in Pithapuram, A.P. Students knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation w